Moxibustion - its History and Uses
Moxibustion has origin in the japanese word "MOKUSA" that means
Burning Plant Stick
Acupuncture has a well-documented history in China spanning over 2,000 years,
but some studies believe it originated almost 4,000 years ago. In fact, examples
of the earliest acupuncture needles made of stone (bian) and ceramic predate the
development of iron. Hieroglyphics of both acupuncture and moxibustion date from
the Shang Dynasty, three thousand years ago. Acupuncture and moxibustion have both been successful in curing
internal disease through external means.
Moxibustion, frequently used in conjunction with
acupuncture, places burning herbs near the skin or directly on the acupuncture
needles, using heat to stimulate the same meridian points. There are over 300
points and fourteen channels on the human body which are used today in
acupuncture.
This method of healing dates back to the Sui dynasty (AD 561-618.)
Acupuncture, moxibustion and herbal medicine formed the basis of the curriculum
of the first medical college in China, which was founded at this time. Through
the centuries, techniques continued to grow and develop. Contact with Europeans
in the 16th century opened the West to this ancient medicine. The Jesuits, in
particular, collected and disseminated a great deal of traditional Eastern
medical information to Europe, while also bringing Western concepts to China.
Missionaries established Western medical colleges at the end of the 19th
century in China, and acupuncture was briefly outlawed in 1929. However, under
Communist rule, there was a return to traditional Chinese medicine, especially
in the countryside, where the remedies were cheap, accepted by the people, and
used skills.
Throughout the 1950's, many new clinics were opened in China to provide,
teach, and investigate traditional methods of Chinese medicine. The resurgence
in interest along with access to Western techniques, led to the development of
many new methods of acupuncture, including ear, scalp and electro-acupuncture,
which uses small electrical currents to stimulate the needles.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Moxibustion, like the name suggest, means treatment through the burning of a
medicinal plant named ARTEMISIA (Artemisia vulgaris e sinensis), that produces a
very particular warming with deep benefit and therapeutically effects in the
human body.
Moxibustion
Moxa is a cousin of St. John's Wort. The Latin name is artemesia vulgaris, and
this is one of the hottest burning herbs. Moxibustion has been used in
conjunction with acupuncture since time immemorial. It is very useful in
treating painful conditions, because the sensation of heat, which is passed
through the needles, underlines the action that the needles are already having.
Moxibustion comes in differing qualities and the treatment can be done in
several ways: with a stick, (which looks like a cigar!) directly on to the skin,
directly on the needles etc, depending on what would be most useful in each
case.
Artemisia, once worked, for therapeutically use, is known as MOXA WOOL or simply
MOXA. It can be obtained easily, through the crop of the new (only) part of the
plant and let it dry in the sun and after in shadow for a determined time. After
it's dry, it is crumbled, with the hands or pestle, and sifted to reduce it to
powder, till it stays like an uniform mass that remember the vegetal wool.
As older Moxa is, the better it is, and it's best quality could be determined by
the bright yellow color. It as the property to warm deeply and, by the heat,
remove the body energetic meridians obstructions, eliminating the humidity and
cold that promote dysfunctions in the body.
Moxa is applied over the vital energy (KI) condensation points in the body
energetic meridians, the called "TSUBO" points in Japan (Acupuncture points,
which allow to contact and act more intensely in the meridians energy).
Moxibustion could be applied in a direct or indirect form. In direct
Moxibustion, a small cone of Moxa is made, with the size of a rice grain, that
is placed directly in the skin over a TSUBO, lightened after, and then
extinguished, pressing above with a finger, when the sensation in the point is
very hot. The indirect Moxibustion could be applied in two ways: or placing the
Moxa in an appropriate cone recipient (or over a piece of ginger or garlic)
which is placed in the skin, not having direct contact between the Moxa and
skin; or by approaching a burning Moxa stick to the TSUBO, without contact with
the skin.
In the Moxibustion treatment the following order of applying Moxa in the
diverse TSUBOS, used in each thickness, should be observed: First we should
treat the front of the body and then the back, starting from top to the bottom
and from the centre to the extremities. Also, for women, the treatment must
start from the left to the right side of the body, and for men, from the right
to the left side.
Moxibustion could be used in diverse types of illness, and is recommended
namely in:
Chronic illness, that weaken the body;
Degenerative illness;
Elderly people;
Children and weaken persons in a general mode;
Sportsmen and athletes, to improve their performance;
To prevent illness and to maintain health;
In all circumstances that needles (Acupuncture) can't be used.
Some precautions should be taken using Moxibustion, like don't applying it in
persons with full filled stomach or with complete empty stomach, felling
frailty, or in some other diverse situations where it is contraindicated,
namely:
Out of the specific points;
Swellings;
Pregnancy, in determined points;
Fever;
During an anger attack or hysteria;
In the head region, in children;
Over the breasts;
Over vessels or arteries;
In the face;
In intoxicated persons;
In drunk persons;
During the menstrual period.
Pushing the Envelope of Moxibustion abstracted & translated by
Honora Lee Wolfe, Dipl. Ac., Lic. Ac., FNAAOM
For a number of years now I have been saying that the modern Chinese teachings
on moxibustion emanating from the People’s Republic of China have been overly
narrow and doctrinaire. Having studied moxibustion with pre-Liberation Chinese,
Chinese from Hong Kong and Singapore, and both Japanese and Korean
practitioners, it is my experience that moxibustion can be used to treat many
more conditions than many contemporary Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion
textbooks suggest.
As part of my drive to broaden the Western understanding and scope of
moxibustion, I am always on the look-out for Chinese articles which substantiate
this point of view. In issue #11, 2002 of the Shang Hai Zhong Yi Yao Za Zhi
(Shanghai Journal of Chinese Medicine & Medicinals), Xu Jie, of the Acupuncture
& Moxibustion Orthopedic & Tramatology Department of the Jiangxi College of
Chinese Medicine, published an article titled, “Lifting the Borders of the
Artemisia Moxibustion Method of Treatment,” on pages 28-29 of that journal. A
precis of that article is given below. Hopefully it will help broaden Western
practitioners’ use of this extremely important and effective treatment modality.
Introduction:
Dr. Xu begins his article by quoting Zhang Zhong-jing who said, “For yang
conditions, use needles; for yin conditions, use moxibustion.” Based on this
saying, some Chinese doctors believe that moxibustion is prohibited in heat
patterns. For instance, the authors of Zhen Jiu Xue (A Study of Acupuncture &
Moxibustion), a commonly used contemporary Chinese textbook, state that
moxibustion is prohibited (or contraindicated) in the treatment of replete heat
and yin vacuity emission of heat patterns. However, as Dr. Xu points out, no
small number of Chinese medical practitioners have said that one can use
moxibustion in the treatment of heat patterns. To substantiate this point of
view, Dr. Xu presents four instances based on his own clinical experience where
moxibustion can be used in the treatment of heat patterns.
1. Guiding heat to exit outwards
In the Yuan dynasty, Zhu Dan-xi said that, “In various heat [patterns],
moxibustion [can] guide the qi of depressive heat to be effused outward.” In
later dynasties, numerous other Chinese medical practitioners echoed these
sentiments. For instance, the author of the Yi Xue Gang Mu (Detailed Outline of
the Study of Medicine) said:
[In] heat patterns, one can use moxibustion. One can obtain heat to move it. One
can use heat to move heat and thus promote the exiting of heat outward.
In the Ming dynasty, Gong Ding-xian said that Artemisia moxibustion can promote
“toxins to follow fire and scatter [due] to fire’s liking to spread and
out-thrust.” Dr. Xu has used Artemisia moxibustion on numerous occasions in
clinic to lead heat evils to exit outward in the case of sores, swellings, and
toxins during their initial stage. In this case, moxibustion is used in order
that heat may promote pustulation which can then shorten the course of disease.
This is just the same as what the famous Ming dynasty doctor Wang Ji-ti said,
“During the initial outbreak of welling and flat abscesses, one must first
moxibustion in order to open their door.”
Case history #1: The patient was a 26 year-old female. Eight days after
delivery, her right breast became red, swollen, hot, and painful. This had gone
on for three days. Accompanying symptoms included aversion to cold, emission of
heat, a body temperature of 38 degrees Centigrade, and a swollen, hard lump in
the right breast which was 3cm x 3 cm large. The flow of milk from that breast
was also not smoothly and easily flowing. Based on these signs and symptoms, Dr.
Xu’s diagnosis was breast welling abscess or mastitis. To treat this, he burned
one cone of moxa on an a shi point directly over the lump and at Ru Gen (St 18)
on the same side and bilaterally on He Gu (LI 4), Qu Chi (LI 11), and Nei Ting
(St 44). After 10 minutes, the patient’s breast milk on the affected side began
to spontaneously flow and the swelling and pain markedly decreased. The next
day, Dr. Xu repeated the moxibustion one time and the patient was cured.
According to Dr. Xu, the disease causes and mechanisms of mastitis are stomach
heat congestion and stagnation, liver qi depression and binding, blood heat
internally amassing, or recurrent contraction of external evils and heat toxins.
These result in disharmony of the constructive and defensive and obstruction and
stagnation of the channels and network vessels. Therefore, there is nodulation
and swelling which produce a welling abscess. This condition is categorized as a
heat pattern and as a repletion pattern. Nevertheless, two moxibustion
treatments cured the above patient. This is because Artemisia moxibustion has
the effect of leading heat and exiting it outward. Once evil heat has been
discharged externally, channel and network vessels depression and stagnation
obtain elimination and swelling and pain are automatically dispersed.
2. Leading heat to move downward
Not only can Artemisia moxibustion lead heat to exit outward, it can also lead
heat to move downward. In the Dan Xi Xin Fa (Dan-xi’s Heart Methods), it says:
If foot qi penetrates the heart, one should [use] Si Wu Tang (Four Materials
Decoction) plus stir-fried Cortex Phellodendri (Huang Bai). In addition, one
should use moxibustion on top of Aconite cakes at Yong Quan (Ki 1) to discharge
and lead heat downward.
Similarly, Zhu Dan-xi, in his Mai Yin Zheng Zhi (Pulses, Causes, Patterns &
Treatments) said, “[If] both hands [have] great heat causing bone reversal,
there is fire within, and one can moxibustion Yong Quan (Ki 1) five cones to
cure this.” It has also been said in terms of the situation of heat above and
cold below:
[In] heat reversal heart pain [where] the body is hot [but] the feet are cold
and pain is severe, leading to vexation and agitation, vomiting, and spontaneous
perspiration, know this is due to heat and the pulse is surging and large. [In
this case,] one should moxibustion Tai Xi (Ki 3) and Kun Lun (Bl 60)... to lead
heat to move downward.
Based on these sayings, one can use moxibustion on points on the lower
extremities and feet in order to lead yang heat to move downward so as to
disperse yin cold and thus promote the interaction and communication of yin and
yang.
Case history #2: The patient was a 46 year-old male who was initially
examined by Dr. Xu in August 1994. Due to excessively great sorrow over a family
affair, this man’s emotions had been depressed for many days. This had resulted
in insomnia, profuse dreams, vexation and agitation, easy anger, lassitude of
the spirit, fatigue, chest oppression, torpid intake, low back and knee soreness
and limpness, a red tongue tip and edges, and a fine, rapid pulse. Dr. Xu
diagnosed this man as suffering from insomnia and needled Shen Men (Ht 7), Yin
Tang (M-HN-3), Tai Chong (Liv 3), Lao Gong (Per 8), and San Yin Jiao (Sp 6) for
one week without result. Then Dr. Xu re-analyzed the case’s disease causes and
mechanisms. Excessive sorrow had resulted in liver qi depression and binding and
the patient’s qi mechanism was not smoothly and easily flowing. Depression had
engendered fire and kidney water was not longer interacting with the heart.
Instead, fire was internally harassing the heart spirit. Therefore, Dr. Xu
thought that treatment should lead heat to move downward in order to reconnect
the heart and kidneys. Thus water and fire can then mutually support each other.
In order to accomplish just this, Dr. Xu moxaed Yong Quan (Ki 1) and Zhao Hai (Ki
6) and immediately there was a marked therapeutic effect. Dr. Xu then moxaed
these points several more days in order to secure these therapeutic effects and
the man was cured.
According to Dr. Xu, moxibustion can be used like this to treat a number of
conditions, such as headache and the sequelae to cerebral stroke. In this case,
it is not necessarily that “fire strengthens yang evils.”
3. Dispelling phlegm & scattering fire
In terms of dispelling phlegm and scattering fire, Zhu Dan-xi used this
technique to treat runny nose with foul-smelling snivel when the pulse is
bowstring and small (i.e., fine), the right inch is slippery and the left inch
is choppy. This indicates a condition of “phlegm depression fire and heat.” In
this case, Zhu Dan-xi said to moxibustion Shang Xing (GV 23), San Li (St 36),
and He Gu (LI 4) to cure this and he gave a case history of how he used
moxibustion to dispel phlegm and scatter fire. In the Ming dynasty, Gong
Ju-zhong said, “[When] phlegm diseases obtain fire, they can be resolved because
heat causes the qi to move and thus the fluids and humors course and flow
freely.” Likewise, Dr. Xu has used moxibstion in his own clinical practice in
order to dispel phlegm and scatter fire.
Case history #3: The patient was a 10 year-old boy who had a swollen, painful
gland under his right ear. The affected area was red, swollen, and burning hot,
and his temperature was 38.3 degrees Centigrade. Accompanying signs and symptoms
included oral thirst, a red tongue with yellow fur, and a floating, rapid pulse.
The patient was diagnosed with the initial stage of mumps. Pediatric mumps are
due to phlegm fire accumulation and stagnation with external contraction of
warm, seasonal toxins. These become depressed and stagnate in the shao yang, and
thus the channels and network vessels lose their coursing and discharging. Dr.
Xu used Juncus moxibustion on the affected area 2-3 times. This means dipping a
strip of Medulla Junci Effusi (Deng Xin Cao) in oil, lighting it, and then
touching the lit Juncus to the skin. The next day, Dr. Xu repeated this
treatment one time and the patient was cured.
4. Boosting the qi, nourishing yin & clearing heat Some of the ancients believed
that moxibustion can damage yin and consume the qi. For instance, Zhang
Zhong-jing, in his Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Damage [Due to] Cold) said:
[If] the pulse is faint and rapid, be careful not to use moxibustion... Fire qi,
although faint, [can] attack internally with force, scorching the bones,
damaging the sinews, and [making] it difficult for blood to recuperate.
However, not a few Chinese doctors have taught that one can use moxibustion
in the treatment of yin (and qi) vacuity emission of heat. For instance, Zhu
Dan-xi again said, “Moxibustion for vacuity causes the fire qi to strengthen the
original qi,” and recommended moxibustion for the treatment of cough, hacking
blood, emission of heat, and emaciation (i.e., pulmonary consumption). In this
case, there is yin vacuity with emission of heat with heat damaging the blood
network vessels. This means that moxibustion can clearly be used to nourish yin
and clear heat. Gong Ju-zhong also said:
[When] vacuity diseases obtain fire, they are invigorated. Fire forces water [to
move] and qi is upborne. This is what is meant by warm supplementation and hot
boosting.
In the case of qi vacuity emission of heat, one can use moxibustion to hotly
supplement the qi. This promotes spleen-stomach qi exuberance and normalizes
movement and transformation. Vacuity heat is automatically eliminated. This is
the method of boosting the qi and eliminating heat which is similar to the idea
of using sweat, warm medicinals to eliminate heat. Because moxibustion has the
effect of boosting the qi, nourishing yin, and clearing heat, Dr. Xu uses
indirect moxibustion on ginger at Fei Shu (Bl 13), Shan Zhong (CV 17), Gao Huang
Shu (Bl 43), and Zu San Li (St 36) to treat qi vacuity and qi and yin vacuity
asthma. He uses indirect moxibustion on garlic on the Hua Tuo Jia Ji, Gao Huang
Shu (Bl 43), and Zu San Li (St 36) to treat lung taxation in the latter stages
with yin and yin vacuity. And he uses moxibustion on Zu San Li (St 36), Pi Shu (Bl
20), and Zhong Wan (CV 12) to treat pediatric gan accumulation and afternoon
tidal fever.
Case history #4: The patient was a 38 year-old male. Due to long-term stress
and tension at work and extreme fatigue, the patient commonly experienced a
fever which was typically worse in the afternoon and accompanied by bilateral
malar flushing, tidal heat in the centers of the hands and feet, vexation and
agitation, lassitude of the spirit, fatigue, scanty appetite, disinclination to
speak and low, weak voice, spontaneous perspiration, and poor sleep. The man’s
tongue was tender and pale in color, and his pulse was soft and forceless. After
entering the hospital and having his whole body examined, it was determined that
there was no apparent organic disease. Analyzing the disease causes and
mechanisms, Dr. Xu decided that taxation fatigue had caused internal damage and
that the middle burner had suffered detriment. Thus the harmony of the qi and
constructive had been lost and the clear yang was no upborne. Thus internal
damage had resulted in the emission of heat or fever. Dr. Xu moxaed Guan Yuan
(CV 4), Zu San Li (St 36), and Bai Hui (GV 20) with five cones each time, once
per day. After a half month, the man was cured.
According to Dr. Xu, moxibustion at Guan Yuan (CV 4) warmly supplements the
original qi. Moxaing Zu San Li (St 36) boosts the origin of engenderment and
transformation, while moxaing Bai Hui upbears the clear and lifts yang. Hence
vacuity heat is automatically eliminated. This case shows how the use of
moxibustion can boost the qi, nourish yin, and clear heat in the treatment of
internal damage emission of heat.
Acupuncture has a well-documented history in China spanning over 2,000 years,
but some studies believe it originated almost 4,000 years ago. In fact, examples
of the earliest acupuncture needles made of stone (bian) and ceramic predate the
development of iron. Hieroglyphics of both acupuncture and moxibustion date from
the Shang Dynasty, three thousand years ago.
Both Taoism and Confucianism have had a great influence over the development
of medicine in China. One of the main tenets of Confucianism stresses that the
body is holy, and must remain intact through life and into death. The Taoists,
on the other hand, believe that the key to health is the maintenance of balance
between opposing forces in nature, symbolized most powerfully by yin and yang.
The philosophy of Chinese medicine can be said to exist between these two
philosophies: disharmony brings 'dis-ease', and a doctor can cure the patient
through detailed and accurate observations of the external and emotional life of
the patient. Acupuncture and moxibustion have both been successful in curing
internal disease through external means.
Acupuncture is based on ancient theories of the flow of life force energy, qi
(pronounced "chee"), along pathways or meridians, similar in concept to the
nervous and circulatory system. According to acupuncture theory, disease or pain
is caused by a blockage of qi at one or more organs or acupoints along the
meridians. Needles are used to stimulate these points and facilitate the free
flow of blocked energy. Moxibustion, frequently used in conjunction with
acupuncture, places burning herbs near the skin or directly on the acupuncture
needles, using heat to stimulate the same meridian points. There are over 300
points and fourteen channels on the human body which are used today in
acupuncture.
This method of healing dates back to the Sui dynasty (AD 561-618.)
Acupuncture, moxibustion and herbal medicine formed the basis of the curriculum
of the first medical college in China, which was founded at this time. Through
the centuries, techniques continued to grow and develop. Contact with Europeans
in the 16th century opened the West to this ancient medicine. The Jesuits, in
particular, collected and disseminated a great deal of traditional Eastern
medical information to Europe, while also bringing Western concepts to China.
Missionaries established Western medical colleges at the end of the 19th century
in China, and acupuncture was briefly outlawed in 1929. However, under Communist
rule, there was a return to traditional Chinese medicine, especially in the
countryside, where the remedies were cheap, accepted by the people, and used
skills.
Throughout the 1950's, many new clinics were opened in China to provide,
teach, and investigate traditional methods of Chinese medicine. The resurgence
in interest along with access to Western techniques, led to the development of
many new methods of acupuncture, including ear, scalp and electro-acupuncture,
which uses small electrical currents to stimulate the needles.
Many Eastern and Western health practitioners seem to agree that acupuncture
and moxibustion have the highest success rates when treating chronic conditions
such as back problems and arthritis in adults, or asthma and ear infections in
children. In addition, they have been found useful in treating migraine
headaches, side effects from chemotherapy, and gynecological conditions.
Recently, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a study
which showed moxibustion was an effective therapy for treating pregnant woman
and reversing breech babies, (Cardini & Welxin, JAMA Nov 11, 1998-vol. 280, No.
18).
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